Water is essential for life and serves as an indispensable resource for ecosystems, humanity
and economy. But the hydrological cycle is fragile and under increasing pressure.
Anthropogenic changes in land use, overconsumption of freshwater and climate change are
disrupting water systems and rainfall patterns. These mutually reinforcing drivers of change
are causing imbalances in the water cycle on a global scale.
Within the Planetary Boundary’s Framework, this becomes apparent in the transgression of the
Freshwater Change Boundary. Freshwater Change in this context refers to the alteration of
freshwater cycles, including blue water (surface- and groundwater as in rivers, lakes and
aquifers) and green water (plant-available water as soil moisture) – both have exceeded its
Planetary Boundary. The Freshwater Change transgression is occurring alongside breaches in
other critical boundaries like Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, and Land-System Change.
These interconnected breaches amplify each other, creating a vicious cycle triggering
ecological, societal and economic stresses. More frequent and severe water-related
disturbances such as droughts, floods, and extreme weather events, lack of access to safe water
and sanitation, trade disruptions, food insecurity, disease spread, forced migration and
increased conflicts are amongst the consequences. Estimations show that at current pace
global water demand will surpass water availability by 40% in 2030. Additionally, 80% of
industrial and agricultural wastewater is discharged untreated, further exacerbating the crisis.
These interrelations require a systematic governance of water as a global common good,
accounting for the dependencies to climate change and ecosystem degradation.